The $C\ell(8)$ algebra of three fermion generations with spin and full internal symmetries

Building on previous work, we extend an algebraic realisation of three fermion generations within the complex Clifford algebra $\mathbb{C}\ell(8)$, by incorporating an unbroken $U(1)_{em}$ gauge symmetry. The algebra $\mathbb{C}\ell(8)$ is the multiplication algebra of the complexification of the Cayley-Dickson algebra of sedenions, $\mathbb{S}$. Previous work represented three generations of fermions with $SU(3)_C$ colour symmetry, permuted by an $S_3$ symmetry of order-thre...

A considerable amount of the standard model's three-generation structure can be realised from just the $8\hspace{.3mm}\mathbb{C}$-dimensional algebra of the complex octonions. Indeed, it is a little-known fact that the complex octonions can generate on their own a $64\hspace{.3mm}\mathbb{C}$-dimensional space. Here we identify an $su(3)\oplus u(1)$ action which splits this $64\hspace{.3mm}\mathbb{C}$-dimensional space into complexified generators of $SU(3)$, together with 48 ...

We point out a somewhat mysterious appearance of $SU_c(3)$ representations, which exhibit the behaviour of three full generations of standard model particles. These representations are found in the Clifford algebra $\mathbb{C}l(6)$, arising from the complex octonions. In this paper, we explain how this 64-complex-dimensional space comes about. With the algebra in place, we then identify generators of $SU(3)$ within it. These $SU(3)$ generators then act to partition the remain...

Building upon previous works, it is shown that two minimal left ideals of the complex Clifford algebra $\mathbb{C}\ell(6)$ and two minimal right ideals of $\mathbb{C}\ell(4)$ transform as one generation of leptons and quarks under the gauge symmetry $SU(3)_C\times U(1)_{EM}$ and $SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y$ respectively. The $SU(2)_L$ weak symmetries are naturally chiral. Combining the $\mathbb{C}\ell(6)$ and $\mathbb{C}\ell(4)$ ideals, all the gauge symmetries of the Standard Mode...

A simple geometric algebra is shown to contain automatically the leptons and quarks of a family of the Standard Model, and the electroweak and color gauge symmetries, without predicting extra particles and symmetries. The algebra is already naturally present in the Standard Model, in two instances of the Clifford algebra $\mathbb{C}\ell_6$, one being algebraically generated by the Dirac algebra and the weak symmetry generators, and the other by a complex three-dimensional rep...

We show that three generations of leptons and quarks with unbroken Standard Model gauge symmetry $SU(3)_c\times U(1)_{em}$ can be described using the algebra of complexified sedenions $\mathbb{C}\otimes\mathbb{S}$. A primitive idempotent is constructed by selecting a special direction, and the action of this projector on the basis of $\mathbb{C}\otimes\mathbb{S}$ can be used to uniquely split the algebra into three complex octonion subalgebras $\mathbb{C}\otimes \mathbb{O}$. ...

We demonstrate a direct correspondence between the basis states of the minimal ideals of the complex Clifford algebras $\mathbb{C}\ell(6)$ and $\mathbb{C}\ell(4)$, shown earlier to transform as a single generation of leptons and quarks under the Standard Model's unbroken $SU(3)_c\times U(1)_{em}$ and $SU(2)_L$ gauge symmetries respectively, and a simple topologically-based toy model in which leptons, quarks, and gauge bosons are represented as elements of the braid group $B_3...

The author's idea of {\it algebraic compositeness} of fundamental particles, allowing to understand the existence in Nature of three fermion generations, is revisited. It is based on two postulates. i) For all fundamental particles of matter the Dirac square-root procedure $\sqrt{p^2}\to\Gamma^{(N)}\cdot p$ works, leading to a sequence $N=1,2,3,...$ of Dirac-type equations, where four Dirac-type matrices $\Gamma^{(N)}_\mu$ are embedded into a Clifford algebra {\it via} a Jaco...

Clifford algebras are used for constructing spin groups, and are therefore of particular importance in the theory of quantum mechanics. But the spin group is not the only subgroup of the Clifford algebra. An algebraist's perspective on these groups and algebras may suggest ways in which they might be applied more widely to describe the fundamental properties of matter. I do not claim to build a physical theory on top of the fundamental algebra, and my suggestions for possible...

In this paper we relate minimal left ideals on Clifford algebras with special geometric structures in dimensions $6,7,$ and $8$.