How the Change in Horizon Area Drives Black Hole Evaporation

In this paper we derived Hawking radiation as a tuneling of massless particles through a non-singular horizon in the s-wave approximation. The back reaction of emitted modes on the background black hole geometry is self-consistently taken into account. This is arXive copy of the paper published in the Russian journal "Gravitation and Cosmology" in 1999.

We consider a spacelike two-plane originally at rest with respect to electromagnetic radiation in equilibrium. We find that if the plane is moved with respect to the radiation, the plane shrinks such that the maximum amount of entropy carried by radiation through the plane is, in natural units, exactly one-half of the decrease in the area of the plane. This result suggests that the equivalence between area and entropy may not be limited in black holes, nor even in the spaceti...

We investigate the effect of quantum correction on Hawking radiation for Schwarzschild black holes. We consider Hawking temperature and entropy to order G^2 and find that the area law of black holes should be modified. We think of Hawking radiation as tunneling and find that at certain frequency {\omega} the radiation spectrum of black holes can be pure blackbody spectrum. Therefore, it is possible to break down information conservation. In order to ensure information conserv...

The evaporation of black holes into apparently thermal radiation poses a serious conundrum for theoretical physics: at face value, it appears that in the presence of a black hole quantum evolution is non-unitary and destroys information. This information loss paradox has its seed in the presence of a horizon causally separating the interior and asymptotic regions in a black hole spacetime. A quantitative resolution of the paradox could take several forms: (a) a precise argume...

Under quite natural general assumptions, the following results are obtained. The maximum entropy of a quantized surface is demonstrated to be proportional to the surface area in the classical limit. The general structure of the horizon spectrum is found. The discrete spectrum of thermal radiation of a black hole Under quite natural general assumptions, the following results are obtained. The maximum entropy of a quantized surface is demonstrated to be proportional to the surf...

We investigate the evaporation of an uncharged and non-rotating black hole (BH) in vacuum, by taking into account the effects given by the shrinking of the horizon area. These include the back-reaction on the metric and other smaller contributions arising from quantum fields in curved spacetime. Our approach is facilitated by the use of an analog accelerating moving mirror. We study the consequences of this modified evaporation on the BH entropy. Insights are provided on the ...

We investigate the effect of gravitational back-reaction on the black hole evaporation process. The standard derivation of Hawking radiation is re-examined and extended by including gravitational interactions between the infalling matter and the outgoing radiation. We find that these interactions lead to substantial effects. In particular, as seen by an outside observer, they lead to a fast growing uncertainty in the position of the infalling matter as it approaches the horiz...

We present an analytic derivation of Hawking radiation for an arbitrary (spatial) dispersion relation $\omega(k)$ as a model for ultra-high energy deviations from general covariance. It turns out that the Hawking temperature is proportional to the product of the group $d\omega/dk$ and phase $\omega/k$ velocities evaluated at the frequency $\omega$ of the outgoing radiation far away, which suggests that Hawking radiation is basically a low-energy phenomenon. Nevertheless, a gr...

We study the effect of back-reaction on the evaporation of quantum black holes. The method used is based on quantum tunneling formalism as proposed in [4]. We give a more realistic picture by considering the fact that a black hole looses its energy while modes are tunneled outside the event horizon. It is shown how the tunneling quantum field modes affect the geometry and how this change in geometry is arrested in the quantum field. Exploiting this we calculate the modified (...

In the frame of Hamilton-Jacobi method, the back-reactions of the radiating particles together with the total entropy change of the whole system are investigated. The emission probability from this process is found to be equivalent to the null geodesic method. However its physical picture is more clear: the negative energy one of a virtual particle pair is absorbed by the black hole, resulting in the temperature, electric potential and angular velocity increase; then the blac...