May 10, 1995
The condensation of monopoles (dual superconductivity) of QCD vacuum is reviewed. Direct evidence is produced that the system, in the confined phase, is a dual superconductor.
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March 6, 1996
The dual superconductivity of QCD vacuum as a mechanism for colour confinement is reviewed. Recent evidence from lattice of monopole condensation is presented.
February 10, 1998
The evidence is reviewed for the mechanism of colour confinement in QCD by dual superconductivity of the ground state, i.e. by condensation of monopoles.
June 18, 2002
It is proven that dual superconductivity of QCD vacuum in the confining phase is an intinsic property, independent on the choice of the abelian projection used to define the monopoles.
September 8, 2015
The hypothesis is analysed that the monopoles condensing in QCD vacuum to make it a dual superconductor are classical solutions of the equations of motion.
March 11, 1994
We explicitly construct a monopole creation operator: its vacuum expectation value is an order parameter for dual superconductivity, in that, if different from zero, it signals a spontaneous breaking of the $U(1)$ symmetry corresponding to monopole charge conservation. This operator is tested by numerical simulations in compact $U(1)$ gauge theory. Our construction provides a general recipe for detection of the condensation of any topological soliton. In particular our operat...
November 23, 1994
We construct a disorder parameter for dual superconductivity of the ground state of $U(1)$ gauge theory.
March 9, 2001
It is demonstrated that monopole condensation in the confined phase of SU(2) and SU(3) gauge theories is independent of the specific Abelian projection used to define the monopoles. Hence the dual excitations which condense in the vacuum to produce confinement must have magnetic U(1) charge in all the Abelian projections. Some physical implications of this result are discussed.
May 31, 1994
A monopole creation operator is constructed: its vacuum expectation value is an order parameter for dual superconductivity in that, if different from zero it signals spontaneous breaking of the U(1) symmetry corresponding to monopole charge conservation. The operator is tested on compact U(1) gauge theory on lattice. For SU(2) gauge theory it clearly demonstrates that confinement is produced by dual superconductivity.
October 5, 2007
The mechanism of dual superconductivity for confinement is reviewed.
September 3, 1998
New results from lattice are presented,which demonstrate that monopoles condense in the vacuum of confined phase of QCD, which is thus a dual superconductor. Monopoles defined by different abelian projections appear to be physically equivalent.