Using Phenomenological Formulae,Deducing the Masses and Flavors of the Quarks, Baryons and Mesons from Two Elementary Quarks

From only two elementary quarks ($\epsilon_{u}(0) $ and $\epsilon_{d}(0)) $ and the symmetries of the regular rhombic dodecahedron, using phenomenological formulae, we deduced the rest masses and the intrinsic quantum numbers (I, S, C, b and Q) of a quark spectrum. The five ground quarks of the four kinds of the deduced quarks are the five quarks of the current quark model. Then, from the quark spectrum, using sum laws and a phenomenological binding energy formula, we deduced...

Using phenomenological formulae, we can deduce the rest masses and intrinsic quantum numbers (I, S, C, B and Q) of quarks, baryons and mesons from only one unflavored elementary quark family. The deduced quantum numbers match experimental results exactly, and the deduced rest masses are 98.5% (or 97%) consistent with experimental results for baryons (or mesons). This paper predicts some quarks [d_{S}(773), d_{S}(1933) and u_{C}(6073)], baryons [$\Lambda_{c}(6599)$, $\Lambda_{...

Using a three step quantization and phenomenological formulae, we can deduce the rest masses and intrinsic quantum numbers (I, S, C, B and Q) of quarks from only one unflavored elementary quark family $\epsilon$ with S = C = B = 0 in the vacuum. Then using sum laws, we can deduce the rest masses and intrinsic quantum numbers of baryons and meson from the deduced quarks. The deduced quantum numbers match experimental results exactly. The deduced rest masses are consistent with...

Using an expanded form of Planck-Bohr's quantization method and phenomenological formulae,} {\small we deduce the rest masses and intrinsic quantum numbers (I, S, C, b and Q) of all kinds of the lowest energy quarks and baryons, from only one elementary quark family}$\epsilon $ {\small with S = C = b = 0. The deduced quantum numbers match those found in experiments. The deduced rest masses are consistent with experimental results. This paper predicts some quarks $\text{u}_{C}...

From the Dirac sea concept, the BCC model infers that the quarks u and d constitute a body center cubic quark lattice in the vacuum; when a quark $q^*$ is excited from the vacuum, the nearest primitive cell u' and d' is accompanying excited by the quark $q^*$. Using the energy band theory, the model deduces the quantum numbers (I, S, C, b, and Q) and the masses of all quarks using a united mass formula. Then, it shows that the system of} 3 excited quarks ($q^*u'd'$$) is a bar...

Prompted by the recent surprising results in QCD spectroscopy, we extend the treatment of the constituent quark model showing that mass differences and ratios have the same values when obtained from mesons and baryons. We obtain several new successful relations involving hadrons containing two and three strange quarks and hadrons containing heavy quarks and give a new prediction regarding spin splitting between doubly charmed baryons. We provide numerical evidence for an effe...

Using the quark spectrum of the BCC Quark Model [1] and the phenomenological formula for the binding energies of the mesons, not only have we deduced the intrinsic quantum numbers (I, S, C, b, and Q) of all mesons as was done with the Quark Model [2], but also we deduced the meson mass spectrum in agreement with experimental results [3] that we could not deduce using the Quark Model. The experimental meson spectrum gives some evidence of the existence of the new quarks $q_S^*...

We present an elementary introduction to some of the quark models used to understand the properties of light mesons and baryons. These lectures are intended for both theoretical and experimental graduate students beginning their study of the strong interaction.

A mass formula for all the Baryons and Mesons is proposed. A comparison with the actual masses shows that about 63 % of the errors are less than 1 % while in about 93 % of the cases errors are less than 2 %. In all cases the error is less than 3 % with the lone exception of omega (782) Meson in which case the error is 3.6 %.A rationale for the proposed mass formula is also touched upon.

The Standard Model while successful in many ways is incomplete; many questions remain. The origin of quark masses and hadronization of quarks are awaiting an answer. From the Dirac sea concept, we infer that two kinds of elementary quarks (u(0) and d(0)) constitute a body center cubic (BCC) quark lattice with a lattice constant a < $10^{-18}$m in the vacuum. Using energy band theory and the BCC quark lattice, we can deduce the rest masses and the intrinsic quantum numbers (I,...