A Model Behind the Standard Model

The standard model (SM) is viewed as a variation on the Yang-Mills theory with gauge symmetry $u(1) \times su(2) \times su(3)$, in which the flavour symmetry is framed and to which 3 generations of quarks and leptons are appended as inputs from experiment. The framed standard model (FSM) is then a further variation on the SM in which the colour symmetry is also framed, where the 3 generations now follow as consequences together with their characteristic mass and mixing patter...

This Resource Letter provides a guide to literature on the Standard Model of elementary particles and possible extensions. In the successful theory of quarks and leptons and their interactions, important questions remain, such as the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking, the origin of quark and lepton masses, the source of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, and the makeup of its matter and energy density. References are cited for quarks and leptons, gauge theories, c...

This Letter addresses a provocative question: ``Can the standard electroweak Higgs doublets and their color-triplet partners be the messengers of a low energy gauge-mediated SUSY breaking?" Such a possibility does not seem to be immediately ruled out. If so, it can lead to a very economical scheme with clear-cut predictions quite distinct from those of the conventional gauge-mediated scenario. Namely, we get (i) a single light Higgs below the original SUSY- breaking scale; (i...

I briefly outline the most prominent features of a novel $SU(5)$ unification model proposal. The particle content of the model comprises $5_H$, $24_H$, $35_H$, ${\overline{5}_F}_i$, ${10_F}_i$, $15_F$, $\overline{15}_F$, and $24_V$, where subscripts $H$, $F$, and $V$ denote whether a given representation contains scalars, fermions, or gauge bosons, respectively, while $i=1,2,3$. The model employs all possible interaction terms, as allowed by the Lorentz group, the $SU(5)$ gau...

The standard model of particle physics represents the cornerstone of our understanding of the microscopic world. In these lectures we review its contents and structure, with a particular emphasis on the central role played by symmetries and their realization. This is not intended to be an exhaustive review but a discussion of selected topics that we find interesting, with the specific aim of clarifying some subtle points and potential misunderstandings. A number of more techn...

Gauge invariance is a powerful tool to determine the dynamical forces among the fundamental constituents of matter. The particle content, structure and symmetries of the Standard Model Lagrangian are discussed. Special emphasis is given to the many phenomenological tests which have established this theoretical framework as the Standard Theory of the electroweak interactions: electroweak precision tests, Higgs searches, quark mixing, neutrino oscillations. The present experime...

The Standard Model of the electroweak and strong interactions of particle physics is a quantum field theory. Elementary particles are not indivisible `pieces' of matter but energy bundles of fields, whose properties and interactions are a consequence of the principles of symmetry. These lecture notes provide a brief introduction to the construction of the Standard Model from its basic ingredients: Poincar\'e symmetry, gauge invariance and spontaneous symmetry breaking. The fu...

It is proposed to replace the Higgs boson of the standard model by a Lorentz- and gauge-invariant combination of SU(2) gauge bosons. A pair of Higgs bosons is identified with pairs of gauge bosons by setting their mass Lagrangians equal to each other. That immediately determines the mass of the composite Higgs boson. It becomes simply half of the vacuum expectation value of the standard Higgs boson, which matches the observed mass with tree-level accuracy (2%). The two parame...

We propose a geometric explanation of the standard model of Glashow, Weinberg and Salam for the known elementary particles. Our model is a generic Quantum Field Theory in dimension four, obtained by developing along a Lorentz sub-manifold the lagrangian of Einstein and Dirac in dimension twelve. The main mechanism which gives birth to the standard model is a certain gauge fixing of triality, which permits to identify the multiplicity of fermions, as seen from the four dimensi...

The generic supersymmetric version of the Standard Model would have the minimal list of superfields incorporating the Standard Model particles, and a Lagrangian dictated by the Standard Model gauge symmetries. To be phenomenologically viable, soft supersymmetry breaking terms have to be included. In the most popular version of the supersymmetric Standard Model, an {\it ad hoc} discrete symmetry, called R parity, is added in by hand. While there has been a lot of various kinds...