A q-Analogue of Faulhaber's Formula for Sums of Powers

Suppose that $p$ is an odd prime and $m$ is an integer not divisible by $p$. Sun and Tauraso [Adv. in Appl. Math., 45(2010), 125--148] gave $\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\binom{2k}{k+d}/m^k$ and $\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\binom{2k}{k+d}/(km^k)$ modulo $p$ for all $d=0,1, \ldots n$ and $n= p^a$, where $a$ is a positive integer. In this paper, we present some $q$-analogues of these congruences in the cases $m=2, 4$ for any positive integer $n$.

The $q$-Narayana numbers $N_q(n,k)$ and $q$-Catalan numbers $C_n(q)$ are respectively defined by $$ N_q(n,k)=\frac{1-q}{1-q^n}{n\brack k}{n\brack k-1}\quad\text{and}\quad C_n(q)=\frac{1-q}{1-q^{n+1}}{2n\brack n}, $$ where ${n\brack k}=\prod_{i=1}^{k}\frac{1-q^{n-i+1}}{1-q^i}$. We prove that, for any positive integers $n$ and $r$, there holds \begin{align*} \sum_{k=-n}^{n}(-1)^{k}q^{jk^2+{k\choose 2}}N_q(2n+1,n+k+1)^r \equiv 0 \pmod{C_n(q)}, \end{align*} where $0\leqslant j\le...

In this paper we shall evaluate two alternating sums of binomial coefficients by a combinatorial argument. Moreover, by combining the same combinatorial idea with partition theoretic techniques, we provide $q$-analogues involving the $q$-binomial coefficients.

Let $(a;q)_n=\prod_{0\le k<n}(1-aq^k)$ for n=0,1,2,.... Define q-Euler numbers $E_n(q)$, q-Sali\'e numbers $S_n(q)$ and q-Carlitz numbers $C_n(q)$ as follows: $$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}E_n(q)\frac{x^n}{(q,q)_n} =1/\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{q^{n(2n-1)}x^{2n}}{(q;q)_{2n}},$$ $$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}S_n(q)\frac{x^n}{(q;q)_n} =\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{q^{n(n-1)}x^{2n}}{(q;q)_{2n}} /\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^nq^{n(2n-1)}x^{2n}}{(q;q)_{2n}},$$ $$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}C_n(q)\frac{x^n}...

By applying an integral representation for $q^{k^{2}}$ we systematically derive a large number of new Fourier and Mellin transform pairs and establish new integral representations for a variety of $q$-functions and polynomials that naturally arise from combinatorics, analysis, and orthogonal polynomials corresponding to indeterminate moment problems. These functions include $q$-Bessel functions, the Ramanujan function, Stieltjes--Wigert polynomials, $q$-Hermite and $q^{-1}$-H...

In this paper, we derive some formulae involving coefficients of polynomials which occur quite naturally in the study of restricted partitions. Our method involves a recently discovered sieve technique by Li and Wan (Sci. China. Math. 2010). Based on this method, by considering cyclic groups of different orders we obtain some new results for these coefficients. The general result holds for any group of the form $\mathbb{Z}_{N}$ where $N\in\mathbb{N}$ and expresses certain par...

It is well known that $\zeta(2)=\pi^2/6$ as discovered by Euler. In this paper we present the following two $q$-analogues of this celebrated formula: $$\sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{q^k(1+q^{2k+1})}{(1-q^{2k+1})^2}=\prod_{n=1}^\infty\frac{(1-q^{2n})^4}{(1-q^{2n-1})^4}$$ and $$\sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{q^{2k-\lfloor(-1)^kk/2\rfloor}}{(1-q^{2k+1})^2} =\prod_{n=1}^\infty\frac{(1-q^{2n})^2(1-q^{4n})^2}{(1-q^{2n-1})^2(1-q^{4n-2})^2},$$ where $q$ is any complex number with $|q|<1$. We also g...

Denote by $\Sigma n^m$ the sum of the $m$-th powers of the first $n$ positive integers $1^m+2^m+\ldots +n^m$. Similarly let $\Sigma^r n^m$ be the $r$-fold sum of the $m$-th powers of the first $n$ positive integers, defined such that $\Sigma^0 n^{m}=n^m$, and then recursively by $\Sigma^{r+1} n^{m}=\Sigma^{r} 1^{m}+\Sigma^{r} 2^{m}+\ldots + \Sigma^{r} n^{m}$. During the early 17th-century, polynomial expressions for the sums $\Sigma^r n^m$ and their factorisation and polynomi...

We observe that the classical Faulhaber's theorem on sums of odd powers also holds for an arbitrary arithmetic progression, namely, the odd power sums of any arithmetic progression $a+b, a+2b, ..., a+nb$ is a polynomial in $na+n(n+1)b/2$. While this assertion can be deduced from the original Fauhalber's theorem, we give an alternative formula in terms of the Bernoulli polynomials. Moreover, by utilizing the central factorial numbers as in the approach of Knuth, we derive form...

In this paper, by use of matrix inversions, we establish a general $q$-expansion formula of arbitrary formal power series $F(z)$ with respect to the base $$\left\{z^n\frac{(az:q)_n}{(bz:q)_n}\bigg|n=0,1,2\cdots\right\}.$$ Some concrete expansion formulas and their applications to $q$-series identities are presented, including Carlitz's $q$-expansion formula, a new partial theta function identity and a coefficient identity of Ramanujan's ${}_1\psi_1$ summation formula as speci...