Backlund Transformations and Hierarchies of Exact Solutions for the Fourth Painleve Equation and their Application to Discrete Equations

In this paper some open problems for Painlev\'e equations are discussed. In particular the following open problems are described: (i) the Painlev\'e equivalence problem; (ii) notation for solutions of the Painlev\'e equations; (iii) numerical solution of Painlev\'e equations; and (iv) the classification of properties of Painlev\'e equations.

We provide new insights into the solvability property of an Hamiltonian involving of the fourth Painlev\'e transcendent and its derivatives. This Hamiltonian is third order shape invariant and can also be interpreted within the context of second supersymmetric quantum mechanics. In addition, this Hamiltonian admits third order lowering and raising operators. We will consider the case when this Hamiltonian is irreducible i.e. when no special solutions exist for given parameter...

In the article arXiv:1108.5443 we established a general group-theoretical approach to the construction of B\"acklund transformations. We then showed how this construction can be applied to construct B\"acklund transformation between equations which are Darboux integrable. Here we give a number of detailed examples and new applications which demonstrate the theory. In particular our final example demonstrates how our group theoretical approach produces all the B\"acklund trans...

The Painlev\'e equations possess transcendental solutions $y(t)$ with special initial values that are symmetric under rotation or reflection in the complex $t$-plane. They correspond to monodromy problems that are explicitly solvable in terms of classical special functions. In this paper, we show the existence of such solutions for a $q$-difference Painlev\'e equation. We focus on symmetric solutions of a $q$-difference equation known as $q\textrm{P}_{\textrm{IV}}$ or $q{\rm ...

We study the rational solutions of the discrete version of Painleve's fourth equation d-PIV. The solutions are generated by applying Schlesinger transformations on the seed solutions -2z and -1/z. After studying the structure of these solutions we are able to write them in a determinantal form that includes an interesting parameter shift that vanishes in the continuous limit.

In this paper classical solutions of the degenerate fifth Painlev\'e equation are classified, which include hierarchies of algebraic solutions and solutions expressible in terms of Bessel functions. Solutions of the degenerate fifth Painlev\'e equation are known to expressible in terms of the third Painlev\'e equation. Two applications of these classical solutions are discussed, deriving exact solutions of the complex sine-Gordon equation and of the coefficients in the three-...

We utilise a recent approach via the so-called re-scaling method to derive a unified and comprehensive theory of the solutions to Painleve's differential equations (I), (II) and (IV), with emphasis on the most elaborate equation (IV).

This expository article written for the Notices of the American Mathematical Society provides an overview of transcendental functions arising as solutions of the discrete Painlev\'e equations, for which the developments of the last two decades have been rich and dynamic. These equations arise at the center of many viewpoints: random matrix theory, algebra, algebraic geometry, dynamical systems and the theory of transcendental functions. The purpose of this article is to revea...

Based on the works by Kajiwara, Noumi and Yamada, we propose a canonically quantized version of the rational Weyl group representation which originally arose as "symmetries" or the B\"acklund transformations in Painlev\'{e} equations. We thereby propose a quantization of the discrete Painlev\'{e} VI equation as a discrete Hamiltonian flow commuting with the action of $W(D_4^{(1)})$.

In this work we propose a new method for investigating connection problems for the class of nonlinear second-order differential equations known as the Painlev{\'e} equations. Such problems can be characterized by the question as to how the asymptotic behaviours of solutions are related as the independent variable is allowed to pass towards infinity along different directions in the complex plane. Connection problems have been previously tackled by a variety of methods. Freque...