Excitation of Nucleon Resonances

While much attention has been focussed on the successes of perturbative QCD in describing the $Q^2$-dependence of deep-inelastic structure functions, the starting distributions themselves contain important, non-perturbative information on the structure of the nucleon, which has been somewhat neglected. We review some of the most important, recent discoveries resulting from studies of deep-inelastic scattering. There are important connections between these discoveries and low ...

Excited state contributions represent a formidable challenge for hadron structure calculations in lattice QCD. For physical systems that exhibit an exponential signal-to-noise problem they often hinder the extraction of ground state matrix elements, introducing a major source of systematic error in lattice calculations of such quantities. The development of methods to treat the contribution of excited states and the current status of related lattice studies are reviewed with ...

Recent progress in lattice QCD calculations of nucleon structure will be presented. Calculations of nucleon matrix elements and form factors have long been difficult to reconcile with experiment, but with advances in both methodology and computing resources, this situation is improving. Some calculations have produced agreement with experiment for key observables such as the axial charge and electromagnetic form factors, and the improved understanding of systematic errors wil...

Recent developments on a dynamical coupled-channels model of hadronic and electromagnetic production of nucleon resonances are summarized.

The calculation of the masses of the lightest nucleon resonances using lattice QCD is surveyed. Recent results for the mass of the first radial excitation of the nucleon, the Roper resonance, are reviewed and the interpretation in terms of models of hadronic resonances, such as the quark model and hadronic molecules, discussed. The talk concludes with an outline of prospects for future calculations.

The intrinsic difficulties in extracting the hadron resonances from reaction data are illustrated by using several exactly soluble $\pi\pi$ scattering models. The finite-volume Hamiltonian method is applied to predict spectra using two meson-exchange Hamiltonians of $\pi N$ reactions. Within a three-channel model with $\pi N$, $\pi\Delta$ and $\sigma N$ channels, we show the advantage of the finite-volume Hamiltonian method over the approach using the L\"uscher formula to tes...

Advances in the exploration of the spectrum and structure of the excited states of the nucleon from experiments with electromagnetic probes on proton targets are presented. Impressive progress has been achieved in the studies of exclusive meson photoproduction in experiments with continuous electron beams and with detectors of almost $4\pi$ acceptance. The high-quality data, coupled with the advances in the amplitude analyses of exclusive photo- and hadroproduction data, allo...

The physics of electromagnetic excitation of nucleon resonances and of their relevance in nucleon structure studies are discussed. Preliminary data from the CLAS detector on the N-Delta(1232) transition multipoles, the helicity amplitudes of the N*(1535), and the search for so-called "missing resonances" at Jefferson Lab are presented.

I give an overview on experimental studies of the spectrum and the structure of the excited states of the nucleon and what we can learn about their internal structure. One focus is on the efforts to obtain a more complete picture of the light-quark baryon excitation spectrum employing electromagnetic beams that will allow us to draw some conclusions on the symmetries underlying the spectrum. For the higher mass excitations, the full employment of coupled channel approaches is...

I describe progress that is being made toward calculating the properties and interactions of nuclei from QCD.