A Model Behind the Standard Model

We assign the chiral fermion fields of the Standard model to triplets of flavor (family, generation, horizontal) $SU(3)_f$ symmetry, for anomaly freedom add one triplet of sterile right-handed neutrino fields, and gauge that symmetry. First we demonstrate that the resulting quantum flavor $SU(3)_f$ dynamics completely spontaneously self-breaks: Both the Majorana masses of sterile neutrinos and the masses of all eight flavor gluons come out proportional to the $SU(3)_f$ scale ...

We examine the Standard Model under the electroweak symmetry group $U_{EW}(2)$ subject to the Lie algebra condition $\mathfrak{u}_{EW}(2)\not\cong \mathfrak{su}_{I}(2)\oplus \mathfrak{u}_{Y}(1)$. Physically, the condition ensures that all electroweak gauge bosons interact with each other prior to symmetry breaking. This represents a crucial shift in the identification of physical gauge bosons: Unlike the Standard Model which posits a change of Lie algebra basis induced by spo...

We look at various features of the Standard Model with the purpose of exploring some possibilities of how to seek physical laws beyond it, i.e. at even smaller distances. Only parameters and structure which are not calculable from the Standard Model is considered useful information. Ca. $90$ bits of information contained in the system of representations in the Standard Model are explained by four reasonable postulates. A crude estimate is that there is of the order of $\sim 2...

Could one use supersymmetry to relate the fermions, constituants of matter, with the bosons messengers of the interactions? This is, ideally, what a symmetry between fermions and bosons would be expected to do. However many obstacles seemed, long ago, to prevent supersymmetry from possibly being a fundamental symmetry of Nature. Which fermions and bosons could be related? Is spontaneous supersymmetry breaking possible at all? If yes, where is the corresponding spin-1/2 Gold...

In this paper we present the state of the art about the quarks: group SU(3), Lie algebra, the electric charge and mass. The quarks masses are generated in the same way as the lepton masses. It is constructed a term in the Lagrangian that couples the Higgs doublet to the fermion fields.

The Dualized Standard Model offers a natural place both to Higgs fields and to fermion generations with Higgs fields appearing as frame vectors in internal symmetry space and generation appearing as dual colour. If they are assigned those niches, it follows that there are exactly 3 generations of fermions, and that at the tree-level, only one generation has a mass (fermion mass hierarchy) while the CKM matrix is the identity. However, loop corrections lift this degeneracy giv...

We propose a gauge-invariant description for the Higgs mechanism by which a gauge boson acquires the mass. We do not need to assume spontaneous breakdown of gauge symmetry signaled by a non-vanishing vacuum expectation value of the scalar field. In fact, we give a manifestly gauge-invariant description of the Higgs mechanism in the operator level, which does not rely on spontaneous symmetry breaking. For concreteness, we discuss the gauge-Higgs models with $U(1)$ and $SU(2)$ ...

The Standard Model for electroweak interactions derives four vector gauge boson from an SU(2)xU(1) symmetry. A doublet of complex scalar (Higgs) bosons is added to generate masses by spontaneous symmetry breaking. Both, the four vector bosons and four scalar bosons corresponding to the Higgs bosons of the Standard Model are shown to emerge as gauge bosons from an underlying SU(3) symmetry of electroweak lepton interactions. For the known leptons, the latter symmetry implies p...

Two theoretically well-motivated gauge extensions of the standard model are $SU(3)_C \times SU(3)_L \times SU(3)_R$ and $SU(3)_q \times SU(3)_L \times SU(3)_l \times SU(3)_R$, where $SU(3)_q$ is the same as $SU(3)_C$ and $SU(3)_l$ is its color leptonic counterpart. Each as three variations, according to how $SU(3)_R$ is broken. It is shown here for the first time that a built-in dark $U(1)_D$ gauge symmetry exists in all six versions, and may be broken to discrete $Z_2$ dark ...

In order to extend the Standard Model to TeV scale energies one must address two basic questions: (1) What is the complete description of the effective theory of fundamental particles at and below the electroweak scale? and (2) What is the dynamics responsible for electroweak symmetry breaking? The answers to these questions are crucial for addressing the third outstanding question of particle physics: What are the origins of the Standard Model parameters? We briefly summariz...