On Commuting Exponentials in Low Dimensions

Let A,B be two square complex matrices of dimension at most 3. We show that the following conditions are equivalent i) There exists a finite subset U included in {2,3,4,...} such that for every positive integer t that is not in U, exp(tA+B)=exp(tA)exp(B)=exp(B)exp(tA). ii) The pair (A,B) has property L of Motzkin and Taussky and exp(A+B)=exp(A)exp(B)=exp(B)exp(A).

We derive explicit formulas for calculating $e^A$, $\cosh{A}$, $\sinh{A}, \cos{A}$ and $\sin{A}$ for a given $2\times2$ matrix $A$. We also derive explicit formulas for $e^A$ for a given $3\times3$ matrix $A$. These formulas are expressed exclusively in terms of the characteristic roots of $A$ and involve neither the eigenvectors of $A$, nor the transition matrix associated with a particular canonical basis. We believe that our method has advantages (especially if applied by ...

We provide a simple method for the calculation of the terms c_n in the Zassenhaus product $e^{a+b}=e^a e^b \prod_{n=2}^{\infty} e^{c_n}$ for non-commuting a and b. This method has been implemented in a computer program. Furthermore, we formulate a conjecture on how to translate these results into nested commutators. This conjecture was checked up to order n=17 using a computer.

Let A and B be matrices of M_n(C). We show that if exp(A)^k exp(B)^l=exp(kA+lB) for all integers k and l, then AB=BA. We also show that if exp(A)^k exp(B)=exp(B)exp(A)^k=exp(kA+B)$ for every positive integer k, then the pair (A,B) has property L of Motzkin and Taussky. As a consequence, if G is a subgroup of (M_n(C),+) and M -> exp(M) is a homomorphism from G to (GL_n(C),x), then G consists of commuting matrices. If S is a subsemigroup of (M_n(C),+) and M -> exp(M) is a homom...

We will use commutators to provide decompositions of $3\times 3$ matrices as sums whose terms satisfy some polynomial identities, and we apply them to bounded linear operators and endomorphisms of free modules of infinite rank. In particular it is proved that every bounded operator of an infinite dimensional complex Hilbert space is a sum of four automorphisms of order $3$ and that every simple ring that is obtained as a quotient of the endomorphism ring of an infinitely dime...

The exponential of an operator or matrix is widely used in quantum theory, but it sometimes can be a challenge to evaluate. For non-commutative operators ${\bf X}$ and ${\bf Y}$, according to the Campbell-Baker-Hausdorff-Dynkin theorem, ${\rm e}^{{\bf X}+{\bf Y}}$ is not equivalent to ${\rm e}^{\bf X}{\rm e}^{\bf Y}$, but is instead given by the well-known infinite series formula. For a Lie algebra of a basis of three operators $\{{\bf X,Y,Z}\}$, such that $[{\bf X}, {\bf Y}]...

We prove the following results: let x,y be (n,n) complex matrices such that x,y,xy have no eigenvalue in ]-infinity,0] and log(xy)=log(x)+log(y). If n=2, or if n>2 and x,y are simultaneously triangularizable, then x,y commute. In both cases we reduce the problem to a result in complex analysis.

We describe meromorphic solutions to the equations $f^n(z)+\left(f'\right)^n(z)=e^{\alpha z+\beta}$ and $f^n(z)+f^n(z+c)=e^{\alpha z+\beta}$ ($c\neq0$) over the complex plane $\mathbf{C}$ for integers $n\geq1$.

We apply Wermuth's theorem on commuting operator exponentials to show that if $A, B \in B(X)$, $X$ being Banach space and $A$ of $2\pi i$-congruence free spectrum, then $e^A B = B e^A$ if and only if $AB=BA$. We employ this observation to provide alternative proof of similar result by Chaban and Mortad, applicable for $X$ being a Hilbert space.

The present paper is mainly concerned with equations involving exponentials of bounded normal operators. Conditions implying commutativity of those normal operators are given. This is carried out without the known $2\pi i$-congruence-free hypothesis. It is also a continuation of a recent work by the corresponding author.