On Commuting Exponentials in Low Dimensions

We define and study analogues of exponentials for functions on noncommutative two-tori that depend on a choice of a complex structure. The major difference with the commutative case is that our noncommutative exponentials can be defined only for sufficiently small functions. We show that this phenomenon is related to the existence of certain discriminant hypersurfaces in an irrational rotation algebra. As an application of our methods we give a very explicit characterization ...

An algorithm is presented for generating successive approximations to trigonometric functions of sums of non-commuting matrices. The resulting expressions involve nested commutators of the respective matrices. The procedure is shown to converge in the convergent domain of the Zassenhaus formula and can be useful in the perturbative treatment of quantum mechanical problems, where exponentials of sums of non-commuting skew-Hermitian matrices frequently appear.

Expressions are given for the exponential of a hermitian matrix, A. Replacing A by iA these are explicit formulas for the Fourier transform of exp(iA). They extend to any size matrix the previous results for the 2 X 2, 3 X 3, and 4 X 4 cases. The expressions are elegant and should prove useful.

In this note we are interested in the rich geometry of the graph of a curve $\gamma_{a,b}: [0,1] \rightarrow \mathbb{C}$ defined as \begin{equation*} \gamma_{a,b}(t) = \exp(2\pi i a t) + \exp(2\pi i b t), \end{equation*} in which $a,b$ are two different positive integers. It turns out that the sum of only two exponentials gives already rise to intriguing graphs. We determine the symmetry group and the points of self intersection of any such graph using only elementary argumen...

Consider $k\ge 2$ distinct, linearly independent, homogeneous linear recurrences of order $k$ satisfying the same recurrence relation. We prove that the recurrences are related to a decomposable form of degree $k$, and there is a very broad general identity with a suitable exponential expression depending on the recurrences. This identity is a common and wide generalization of several known identities. Further, if the recurrences are integer sequences, then the diophantine eq...

We study the continuous solutions of several classical functional equations by using the properties of the spaces of continuous functions which are invariant under some elementary linear trans-formations. Concretely, we use that the sets of continuous solutions of certain equations are closed vector subspaces of $C(\mathbb{C}^d,\mathbb{C})$ which are invariant under affine transformations $T_{a,b}(f)(z)=f(az+b)$, or closed vector subspaces of $C(\mathbb{R}^d,\mathbb{R})$ whic...

Apparently new expressions are given for the exponential of a hermitian matrix,A, in the 2x2,3x3,and 4x4 cases. Replacing A by iA these are explicit formulas for the Fourier transform of exp(iA).

We examine implications of angles having their own dimension, in the same sense as do lengths, masses, {\it etc.} The conventional practice in scientific applications involving trigonometric or exponential functions of angles is to assume that the argument is the numerical part of the angle when expressed in units of radians. It is also assumed that the functions are the corresponding radian-based versions. These (usually unstated) assumptions generally allow one to treat ang...

This is an expository paper aiming to introduce Zilber's Exponential Closedness conjecture to a general audience. Exponential Closedness predicts when (systems of) equations involving addition, multiplication, and exponentiation have solutions in the complex numbers. It is a natural statement at the boundary between complex geometry and algebraic geometry. While it is open in full generality, many special cases and variants have been proven in the last two decades. In the f...

An exponential automorphism of $\mathbf{C}$ is a function $\alpha: \mathbf{C} \rightarrow \mathbf{C}$ such that $\alpha(z_1 + z_2) = \alpha(z_1) + \alpha(z_2)$ and $\alpha\left( e^z \right) = e^{\alpha(z)}$ for all $z, z_1, z_2 \in \mathbf{C}$. Jan Mycielski asked if $\alpha(\ln 2) = \ln 2$ and if $\alpha(2^{1/k}) = 2^{1/k}$ for $k = 2, 3, 4$ and for all exponential automorphisms $\alpha$. These questions are answered modulo a multiple of $2\pi i$ and a root of unity.